{"id":3706,"date":"2021-04-18T15:55:15","date_gmt":"2021-04-18T19:55:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/?p=3706"},"modified":"2021-05-08T09:42:45","modified_gmt":"2021-05-08T13:42:45","slug":"the-history-of-policing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/social-justice\/the-history-of-policing\/","title":{"rendered":"A History of Policing No One Knows"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3706\" class=\"elementor elementor-3706\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb8d08d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eb8d08d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c561629\" data-id=\"c561629\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79a158a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79a158a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History of Policing and Police Reform<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c5d646f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c5d646f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd9c9a0\" data-id=\"bd9c9a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0e79f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0e79f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, I want to go back and share with you the history of policing in the United States. To show you the issue of murder of black people by police is a systemic problem. One that will not go away by creating police reform legislature.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c67342 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c67342\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57c723\" data-id=\"a57c723\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78e26f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c78e26f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Original Forms of Policing<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b542fba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b542fba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dd935f5\" data-id=\"dd935f5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b300b5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b300b5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Policing in the United States started in colonial times in two forms:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;The Watch&rdquo;: Community volunteers who warned of impending danger, during both day and night. It wasn&rsquo;t totally effective as at night many volunteers were drinking and only joined the watch to evade military service or as a form of punishment.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constables- official law enforcement officers who also performed duties such as surveying lands.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 1830s, a more centralized police department formed in the northern United States, starting in Boston in 1838, By the 1880s all major cities had these municipal police forces. Compared to our modern day police systems, here are the similarities:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publicly supported<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Full time employees&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fixed rules and procedures<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Police departments were accountable to the central government authority&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Southern States, they had a &ldquo;Slave Patrol&rdquo;, starting in the Carolina colonies in 1704. These patrols chased down slaves and return them to their owners; deter slave revolts with a form of organized terror; and discipline slave workers, outside the law, if they violated planation rules. They eventually transformed into police departments that controlled freed slaves by enforcing Jim Crow laws. So we can see here that some of our original law enforcement were formed with the purpose of disciplining black people with increasing illegal terror methods that continued after the abolition of slavery.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a89f66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a89f66\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62a135f\" data-id=\"62a135f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bffc1c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bffc1c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Purpose of Police Forces<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f82ae04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f82ae04\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa7713\" data-id=\"dfa7713\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd0f87f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd0f87f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Many attribute the development of police forces in the 1830s to the increasing urbanization of the United States. However, there isn&rsquo;t much evidence of large crime wave, besides occasional violent mobs. The police forces real purpose was to keep the order. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Social and public order, greatly influenced by economic interests. Developing a stable workforce. <\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">As the factory system emerged, and with the booming corporations came increased inequality. Reducing rioting from the underpaid, endangered workers became the job of the police force, who were authorized legally to use force in the name of keeping order. Social control and crime control became synonymous to those in power. They portrayed the workers as inferior, unskilled, uneducated. Unsurprisingly, this group consisted of primarily poor immigrants and free blacks, viewed as dangerous classes of people. Police directed their force toward these individuals rather than the horrid social and economic discrimination they were facing.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8248c50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8248c50\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4285ff\" data-id=\"a4285ff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f729f9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f729f9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Corruption in Police Forces<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c47855 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2c47855\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a437c7f\" data-id=\"a437c7f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0c4807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0c4807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">It should come as no surprise that there was corruption in the police forces and created by the police forces. Local politicians appointed police executives, typically the party ward leader who could be an owner of the local tavern and participate in gambling and prostitution. Police were paid off to allow these practices. Additionally, they actively stuffed ballot boxes or led vote-buying. There were little to no qualifications or training for policing. Police could drink on the job, and acted first on private economic interests, not upholding the duties of the position, to keep citizens safe and following the law.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">What we haven&rsquo;t talked about yet, part of the broader police murder issue, are firearms. Discussion occurred related to police uniforms, firearms and the amount of force they would be allowed to use. Many policeman didn&rsquo;t want uniforms. They didn&rsquo;t want to be recognized by citizens who they had power over. Police officers carried firearms on their own accord, before it was even legally allowed. Like present day, the use of weapons and force was opposed by the public. However, the voices of the public were overshadowed by those who had formed the police in the first place. Politicians considered them essential to keep the &ldquo;dangerous class&rdquo; in order.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">By the end of the 19th century, police participated more and more in white supremacy by protecting white youth gangs, and even used them as intimidation against citizens or get out of the vote. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c827140 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c827140\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c29988e\" data-id=\"c29988e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ac57e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ac57e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Police Reform<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb0ee2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eb0ee2c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2080410\" data-id=\"2080410\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-376091f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"376091f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is not to say that some forces didn&rsquo;t provide services to the public. In New York and Boston, they helped the homeless find shelter and managed disease epidemics much like the one we are facing right now. However, at the root of it, police forces became a group that&rsquo;s primary purpose was to serve the politicians needs.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Just as today, people called for police reform as response to the behavior of police even in the 1800s. Police officers and lieutenants formed prostitution syndicates and gambled. In 1894, the Lenox Committee investigated police corruption, and discovered that police required bribes for promotions. As time went on, more committees and grand juries were formed, investigating the police. Corruption, excessive force and racism were continually uncovered but little action was taken. <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surprisingly, some police reform acts came from police themselves as a response to scandals in the departments. Some of these police reforms included creating selection standards, training, clear chains-of commands and promotions based on testing procedures. All reforms proposed aimed to separate police from politicians. What resulted was middle-level management, change of geography of precincts to be different from political wards, and special squads for different duties (e.g. traffic, crime, narcotics).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-890c87b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"890c87b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91c2e6f\" data-id=\"91c2e6f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32ee5a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"32ee5a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Police Professionalism<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d9159c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d9159c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-31e4e77\" data-id=\"31e4e77\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35219ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"35219ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"151\" height=\"151\" src=\"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/download.jpg\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536 wp-image-3737\" alt=\"O.W. Wilson\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3959155 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3959155\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7389af0\" data-id=\"7389af0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1deb2ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1deb2ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">O.W. Wilson was a major figure in the call for police reform described as &ldquo;police professionalism&rdquo; . He published a book called &ldquo;Police Administration&rdquo;, which became the guide for professionalizing policing. The book outlined measures such as greater police centralization, and closer supervision of police officers. While on the surface they appeared as a step in the right direction, the result was tension between police and citizens. Among Wilson&rsquo;s suggestions were &ldquo;stop and frisk&rdquo; procedures to control crime. Police used these methods to target minority males most frequently. Professionalism only created isolated police forces that did not respond to any criticism of their methods, and did not address the inherent racism and sexism in the hiring processes of police.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd8807 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd8807\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-494760d\" data-id=\"494760d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-598377b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"598377b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Taylorization of the Police<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34d7092 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34d7092\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3c9e48\" data-id=\"c3c9e48\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d25e024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d25e024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The next era of reforms, titled the &ldquo;Taylorization of the police&rdquo; by Sydney Harring, arose after the unionization of the police in the 1970s. The size of forces decreased, and the departments divided into specific, specialized tasks. Technology allowed for 911 and emergency lines so police administrators could perform other duties. Civilian employees were given some tasks. All of this separated the police even further from citizens. Citizens called for increased efficiency as the police organizations became increasingly more inefficient.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b42f8ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b42f8ae\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-853f812\" data-id=\"853f812\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ac12c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ac12c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Public Response<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94ddc4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94ddc4c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-02f5670\" data-id=\"02f5670\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7748dfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7748dfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">At the same time the civil rights movement grew, while simultaneously being suppressed by police forces. Like present day, protests sparked as a result of police brutality. There were nearly 300 demonstrations in college campuses across the United States, followed by multiple assassinations of JFK, MLK and Robert Kennedy, as well as Malcom X and Medger Evers.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><b id=\"docs-internal-guid-041fc7c6-7fff-46a5-0423-770231fe2579\" style=\"font-weight: normal;\">&nbsp;<\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Instead of continued reform of the systemic issue with police, focus shifted to improving the police image. They attempted to practice community policing, working with the community to reduce community problems.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">From this history of policing, we can see that police forces were not established to serve the people and reduce crime, but actually the politicians and the economy, no matter the practices or their illegality. Police forces are founded on the racism, xenophobia, oppression and murder of marginalized communities and the support of white men to stay in power. They act with these discriminatory practices in mind, and it only compounds over time, with the support of many of our politicians who are supposed to serve all people. It&rsquo;s shameful. We cannot reform the police system if they were formed to actively discriminate against people of color by whatever means of force they seem fit.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-57abbd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"57abbd7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-23886dd\" data-id=\"23886dd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd32697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd32697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>This is just one part of an ongoing series of blog posts discussing the systemic issue of police brutality. Come back next week to learn more about what are solutions that may work to keep all citizens safe, regardless of their race.&nbsp;<\/i><\/b><\/p><p><b><i>&nbsp;Feeling inspired to do more? Check out my <a href=\"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/racial-justice-resources\/\">Racial Justice Resources<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/social-justice-books\/\">Social Justice Book List.<\/a><\/i><\/b><\/p><p><b><i>For more social justice education and proa<\/i><\/b><em><strong>ctive tips,<a href=\"https:\/\/mailchi.mp\/d75c17cc3724\/norahspeakscomblog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> sign up for the Norah Speaks Newsletter<\/a>!<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>History of Policing and Police Reform Today, I want to go back and share with you the history of policing in the United States. To show you the issue of murder of black people by police is a systemic problem. One that will not go away by creating police reform legislature.&nbsp; Original Forms of Policing &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/social-justice\/the-history-of-policing\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">A History of Policing No One Knows<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3789,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/HISTORY-OF-POLICING-A-4-WEEK-SERIES-1.png","featured_image_src_square":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/HISTORY-OF-POLICING-A-4-WEEK-SERIES-1.png","author_info":{"display_name":"norah.aljunaidi@gmail.com","author_link":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/author\/norah-aljunaidigmail-com\/"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3706"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3706"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3790,"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3706\/revisions\/3790"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3789"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3706"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3706"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/norahspeaks.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}